1. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Niddknihgov. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

2. Cirrhosis. Niddknihgov. 2016.Accessed August 18, 2016.

3. Kim, MD S. Fatty Liver. Healthline. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

4. Kim, MD S. Fatty Liver. Healthline. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

5. Bedogni G, Miglioli L, Masutti F, Tiribelli C, Marchesini G, Bellentani S. Prevalence of and risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The Dionysos nutrition and liver study. Hepatology. 2005;42(1):44-52. doi:10.1002/hep.20734.

6. Aamodt S. Why You Can’t Lose Weight on a Diet. Nytimescom. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

7. Aamodt S. Why You Can’t Lose Weight on a Diet. Nytimescom. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

8. Spalding K, Arner E, Westermark P et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature. 2008;453(7196):783-787. doi:10.1038/nature06902.

9. Spalding, K.L., Arner, E., Westermark, P.O., Bernard, S., Buchholz, B.A., Bergmann, O., Blomqvist, L., Hoffstedt, J., Näslund, E., Britton, T., Concha, H., Hassan, M., Rydén, M., Frisén, J., Arner, P. (2008). Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature06902

10. Pool, Robert (2001). Fat: fighting the obesity epidemic. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 0-19-511853-7.

11. Health Risks of Being Overweight. Niddknihgov. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

12. Despres J, Moorjani S, Lupien P, Tremblay A, Nadeau A, Bouchard C. Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1990;10(4):497-511. doi:10.1161/01.atv.10.4.497

13. Publications H. Abdominal fat and what to do about it - Harvard Health. Harvard Health. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

14. Hopkins, John. "The Skinny On Visceral Fat". (2016): n. pag. Print.

15. Publications H. Abdominal fat and what to do about it - Harvard Health. Harvard Health. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

16. Hopkins, John. "The Skinny On Visceral Fat". (2016): n. pag. Print.

17. McCarty MF. AMPK activation--protean potential for boosting healthspan. Age (Dordr). 2014 Apr;36(2):641-63.

18. Winder WW, Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase, a metabolic master switch: possible roles in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol. 1999 Jul;277(1 Pt 1):E1-10.

19. Clayton P. A new way to turn on the master metabolic switch. Nutraceuticalbusinessreviewcom. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17667865

21. Obesity has doubled since 1980, major global analysis of risk factors reveals | News | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Hsphharvardedu. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

22. Spalding K, Arner E, Westermark P et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature. 2008;453(7196):783-787. doi:10.1038/nature06902.

23. Gesta S, Tseng Y, Kahn C. Developmental Origin of Fat: Tracking Obesity to Its Source. Cell. 2007;131(2):242-256. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.004.

24. Spalding K, Arner E, Westermark P et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature. 2008;453(7196):783-787. doi:10.1038/nature06902.

25. Fat cell number is set in childhood and stays constant in adulthood. Not Exactly Rocket Science. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

26. Fat cell number is set in childhood and stays constant in adulthood. Not Exactly Rocket Science. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

27. Fat cell number is set in childhood and stays constant in adulthood. Not Exactly Rocket Science. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

28. Kolata G. Study Finds That Fat Cells Die and Are Replaced. Nytimescom. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

29. Kolata G. Study Finds That Fat Cells Die and Are Replaced. Nytimescom. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

30. Food and Diet | Obesity Prevention Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Hsphharvardedu. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

31. Food and Diet | Obesity Prevention Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Hsphharvardedu. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

32. Feinman RFine E. "A calorie is a calorie" violates the second law of thermodynamics. Nutrition Journal. 2004;3(1). doi:10.1186/1475-2891-3-9.

33. What 200 Calories of Various Foods Looks Like. TwistedSifter. 2013. Accessed August 18, 2016.

34. Twinkie diet helps nutrition professor lose 27 pounds. Cnncom. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

35. Twinkie diet helps nutrition professor lose 27 pounds. Cnncom. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

36. Siddique H. Exercise alone won't cause weight loss, study shows. the Guardian. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

37. CESPEDES A. Livestrongcom. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

38. 2016. Calories in 1 oat medium bran muffin. Accessed August 18, 2016.

39. Healthy Salad? You Might as Well Have a Big Mac | Shape Magazine. Shapecom. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

40. Michael Phelps' 12,000 Calorie-a-Day Diet Not for Everyone | Fox News. Fox News. 2016. Accessed August 26, 2016.

41. Dunn R. Science Reveals Why Calorie Counts Are All Wrong. Scientific American. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

42. Society A. Exercise and physical activity - Alzheimer's Society. Alzheimersorguk. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

43. Bowden J. Exercise: The News You Don't Want To Hear. The Huffington Post. 2012. Accessed August 18, 2016.

44. Bowden J. Exercise: The News You Don't Want To Hear. The Huffington Post. 2012. Accessed August 18, 2016.

45. Obesity in the US: The average American has gained about one pound each year since the mid-1990s. Face the Facts USA. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

46. Thomson D, Porter B, Tall J, Kim H, Barrow J, Winder W. Skeletal muscle and heart LKB1 deficiency causes decreased voluntary running and reduced muscle mitochondrial marker enzyme expression in mice. AJP: Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;292(1):E196-E202. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00366.2006.

47. Thomson D, Porter B, Tall J, Kim H, Barrow J, Winder W. Skeletal muscle and heart LKB1 deficiency causes decreased voluntary running and reduced muscle mitochondrial marker enzyme expression in mice. AJP: Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;292(1):E196-E202. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00366.2006.

48. Health Risks of Being Overweight. Niddknihgov. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

49. Clancy, S. (2008) DNA damage & repair: mechanisms for maintaining DNA integrity. Nature Education 1(1):103

50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10409121

51. Richter ERuderman N. AMPK and the biochemistry of exercise: implications for human health and disease. Biochem J. 2009;418(2):261-275. doi:10.1042/bj20082055.

52. Hardman S, Hall D, Cabrera A, Hancock C, Thomson D. The effects of age and muscle contraction on AMPK activity and heterotrimer composition. Experimental Gerontology. 2014;55:120-128. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2014.04.007.

53. Yang Z, Kahn B, Shi H, Xue B. Macrophage 1 AMP-activated Protein Kinase ( 1AMPK) Antagonizes Fatty Acid-induced Inflammation through SIRT1. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2010;285(25):19051-19059. doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.123620.

54. Rojas J, Arraiz N, Aguirre M, Velasco M, Bermúdez V. AMPK as target for intervention in childhood and adolescent obesity. J Obes. 2011;2011:252817.

55. Hardman S, Hall D, Cabrera A, Hancock C, Thomson D. The effects of age and muscle contraction on AMPK activity and heterotrimer composition. Experimental Gerontology. 2014;55:120-128. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2014.04.007.

56. Hardman S, Hall D, Cabrera A, Hancock C, Thomson D. The effects of age and muscle contraction on AMPK activity and heterotrimer composition. Experimental Gerontology. 2014;55:120-128. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2014.04.007.

57. Büsing KA, Schönberg SO, Brade J, Wasser K. Impact of blood glucose, diabetes, insulin, and obesity on standardized uptake values in tumors and healthy organs on 18F-FDG PET/CT. Nucl Med Biol. 2013 Feb;40(2):206-13.

58. Saha AK, Xu XJ, Balon TW, Brandon A, Kraegen EW, Ruderman NB. Insulin resistance due to nutrient excess: is it a consequence of AMPK downregulation? Cell Cycle. 2011 Oct 15;10(20):3447-51.

59. Li H, Lee J, He C, Zou M, Xie Z. Suppression of the mTORC1/STAT3/Notch1 pathway by activated AMPK prevents hepatic insulin resistance induced by excess amino acids. AJP: Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2013;306(2):E197-E209. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00202.201

60. Ford ES, Dietz WH. Trends in energy intake among adults in the United States: findings from NHANES. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(4):848-53.

61. Saha A, Xu X, Lawson E et al. Downregulation of AMPK Accompanies Leucine- and Glucose-Induced Increases in Protein Synthesis and Insulin Resistance in Rat Skeletal Muscle. Diabetes. 2010;59(10):2426-2434. doi:10.2337/db09-1870.

62. Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls the aging process via an integrated signaling network. Ageing Res Rev. 2012 Apr;11(2):230-41.

63. Steinberg GR, Kemp BE. AMPK in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2009 89: 1025-78.

64. Viollet B, Horman S, Leclerc J, Lantier L, Foretz M, Billaud M, et al. AMPK inhibition in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Aug; 45(4): 276-95.

65. Steinberg GR, Kemp BE. AMPK in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2009 89: 1025-78.

66. Viollet B, Horman S, Leclerc J, Lantier L, Foretz M, Billaud M, et al. AMPK inhibition in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Aug; 45(4): 276-95.

67. Steinberg GR, Kemp BE. AMPK in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2009 89: 1025-78.

68. Viollet B, Horman S, Leclerc J, Lantier L, Foretz M, Billaud M, et al. AMPK inhibition in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Aug; 45(4): 276-95.

69. Dugan LL, You YH, Ali SS, Diamond-Stanic M, Miyamoto S, DeCleves AE, et al. AMPK dysregulation promotes diabetes-related reduction of superoxide and mitochondrial function. J Clin Invest. 2013 Nov 1;123(11):4888-99.

70. Ruderman N, Prentki M. AMP kinase and malonyl-CoA: targets for therapy of the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004 Apr;3(4):340-51.

71. Steinberg GR, Kemp BE. AMPK in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2009 89: 1025-78.

72. Viollet B, Horman S, Leclerc J, Lantier L, Foretz M, Billaud M, et al. AMPK inhibition in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Aug; 45(4): 276-95.

73. Steinberg GR, Kemp BE. AMPK in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2009 89: 1025-78.

74. Viollet B, Horman S, Leclerc J, Lantier L, Foretz M, Billaud M, et al. AMPK inhibition in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Aug; 45(4): 276-95.

75. Ruderman N, Prentki M. AMP kinase and malonyl-CoA: targets for therapy of the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004 Apr;3(4):340-51.

76. Dugan LL, You YH, Ali SS, Diamond-Stanic M, Miyamoto S, DeCleves AE, et al. AMPK dysregulation promotes diabetes-related reduction of superoxide and mitochondrial function. J Clin Invest. 2013 Nov 1;123(11):4888-99.

77. Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. AMPK and HIF signaling pathways regulate both longevity and cancer growth: the good news and the bad news about survival mechanisms. Biogerontology. 2016;17(4):655-680. doi:10.1007/s10522-016-9655-7.

78. Ulgherait M, Rana A, Rera M, Graniel J, Walker D. AMPK Modulates Tissue and Organismal Aging in a Non-Cell-Autonomous Manner. Cell Reports. 2014;8(6):1767-1780. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.006.

79. Martin-Montalvo A, Mercken E, Mitchell S et al. Metformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice. Nature Communications. 2013;4. doi:10.1038/ncomms3192.

80. Zhou G, Myers R, Li Y et al. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2001;108(8):1167-1174. doi:10.1172/jci13505.

81. Zhou G, Myers R, Li Y et al. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2001;108(8):1167-1174. doi:10.1172/jci13505.

82. Burkewitz K, Zhang Y, Mair W. AMPK at the Nexus of Energetics and Aging. Cell Metabolism. 2014;20(1):10-25. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.002.

83. Reddy S. Scientists’ New Goal: Growing Old Without Disease. WSJ. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

84. Check Hayden E. Anti-ageing pill pushed as bona fide drug. Nature News. 2015;522(7556):265. Accessed August 18, 2016.

85. Check Hayden E. Anti-ageing pill pushed as bona fide drug. Nature News. 2015;522(7556):265. Accessed August 18, 2016.

86. Yin J, Gao Z, Liu D, Liu Z, Ye J. Berberine improves glucose metabolism through induction of glycolysis. AJP: Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2007;294(1):E148-E156. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00211.2007.

87. Xia L, Yang W, Xiufeng Y. Effects of water stress on berberine, jatrorrhizine and palmatine contents in amur corktree seedlings. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2007;27(1):58-63. doi:10.1016/s1872-2032(07)60011-0.

88. Pang B, Zhao L, Zhou Q et al. Application of Berberine on Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2015;2015:1-12. doi:10.1155/2015/905749.

89. Yang J, Yin J, Gao H et al. Berberine Improves Insulin Sensitivity by Inhibiting Fat Store and Adjusting Adipokines Profile in Human Preadipocytes and Metabolic Syndrome Patients. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012;2012:1-9. doi:10.1155/2012/363845.

90. Lee Y, Kim W, Kim K et al. Berberine, a Natural Plant Product, Activates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase With Beneficial Metabolic Effects in Diabetic and Insulin-Resistant States. Diabetes. 2006;55(8):2256-2264. doi:10.2337/db06-0006.

91. Lee Y, Kim W, Kim K et al. Berberine, a Natural Plant Product, Activates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase With Beneficial Metabolic Effects in Diabetic and Insulin-Resistant States. Diabetes. 2006;55(8):2256-2264. doi:10.2337/db06-0006.

92. Gauhar R, Hwang S, Jeong S et al. Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract improves obesity in ob/ob mice by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Biotechnology Letters. 2012;34(9):1607-1616. doi:10.1007/s10529-012-0944-1.

93. Gauhar R, Hwang S, Jeong S et al. Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract improves obesity in ob/ob mice by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Biotechnology Letters. 2012;34(9):1607-1616. doi:10.1007/s10529-012-0944-1.

94. Gauhar R, Hwang S, Jeong S et al. Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract improves obesity in ob/ob mice by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Biotechnology Letters. 2012;34(9):1607-1616. doi:10.1007/s10529-012-0944-1.

95. Gauhar R, Hwang SL, Jeong SS, et al. Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract improves obesity in ob/ob mice by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Biotechnol Lett. 2012 Sep;34(9):1607-16.

96. Park S, Huh T, Kim S et al. Antiobesity effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract (actiponin): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Obesity. 2013;22(1):63-71. doi:10.1002/oby.20539.

97. Kim WS, Lee YS, Cha SH, et al. Berberine improves lipid dysregulation in obesity by controlling central and peripheral AMPK activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;296(4):E812-819.

98. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26252777/

99. Formica JRegelson W. Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 1995;33(12):1061-1080. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(95)00077-1.

100. S M. Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plants. - PubMed - NCBI. Ncbinlmnihgov. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

101. Lu J, Wu D, Zheng Y et al. Quercetin activates AMP-activated protein kinase by reducing PP2C expression protecting old mouse brain against high cholesterol-induced neurotoxicity. J Pathol. 2010;222(2):199-212. doi:10.1002/path.2754.

102. Larson A, Symons J, Jalili T. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin to Decrease Blood Pressure: Review of Efficacy and Mechanisms. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal. 2012;3(1):39-46. doi:10.3945/an.111.001271.

103. Knekt P e. Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. - PubMed - NCBI. Ncbinlmnihgov. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

104. NIEMAN D, HENSON D, GROSS S et al. Quercetin Reduces Illness but Not Immune Perturbations after Intensive Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2007;39(9):1561-1569. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318076b566.

105. Knapton S. World’s first anti-ageing drug could see humans live to 120. Telegraphcouk. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

106. Qi DYoung L. AMPK: energy sensor and survival mechanism in the ischemic heart. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015;26(8):422-429. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2015.05.010.

107. Winder WW, Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase, a metabolic master switch: possible roles in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol. 1999 Jul;277(1 Pt 1):E1-10.

108. Carlos SP e. Oxidative damage induced by cigarette smoke exposure in mice: impact on lung tissue and diaphragm muscle. - PubMed - NCBI. Ncbinlmnihgov. 2016. Accessed August 18, 2016.

109. Hong-Brown L, Brown C, Kazi A, Huber D, Pruznak A, Lang C. Alcohol and PRAS40 knockdown decrease mTOR activity and protein synthesis via AMPK signaling and changes in mTORC1 interaction. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2010:n/a-n/a. doi:10.1002/jcb.22496.

110. Rogers A, Huetter L, Hoekstra N et al. Activation of AMPK Inhibits Cholera Toxin Stimulated Chloride Secretion in Human and Murine Intestine. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7):e69050. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069050.